Overview of Environmental Control and Life Support Systems in Human Space Missions

Abstract

This review explores the essential role of Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) in supporting human space missions, particularly those targeting the Moon, Mars, and beyond Earth’s orbit. It presents a detailed analysis of ECLSS subsystems including atmosphere regulation, water reclamation, thermal control, waste handling, and fire safety. Emphasis is placed on the adaptation of these systems to diverse extraterrestrial environments, challenges encountered in extended missions, and recent advancements such as autonomous management and bioregenerative life support. The review concludes with prospects that integrate synthetic biology and artificial intelligence for sustainable space habitation.