Engineering Feasibility Analysis of a Surface-Based Mars Habitat Using Integrated Structural, Thermal, Solar, and Aerodynamic Models

Abstract

Human habitation on the Martian surface presents significant engineering challenges due to low atmospheric pressure, extreme thermal conditions, solar radiation exposure, and wind-induced environmental loads. Surface habitat systems must therefore maintain structural integrity, thermal stability, and aerodynamic robustness under combined Martian conditions. This study presents an integrated numerical assessment of a conceptual surface-based Mars habitat addressing these key design requirements. Structural performance is evaluated under the pressure differential between a pressurized interior and the Martian atmosphere for different habitat geometries. Thermal behavior is investigated through steady-state heat transfer analysis of a multilayer wall system comprising an aluminum structural shell, Martian regolith, and a low-conductivity insulation layer. Solar radiation effects are examined using date-specific solar flux conditions for multiple representative Martian years. Aerodynamic response under Martian wind conditions is analyzed to assess external flow behavior and wind-induced loading. The results demonstrate that habitat geometry and wall configuration play a decisive role in overall performance. Curved configurations exhibit significantly reduced deformation and lower aerodynamic drag compared to cylindrical forms. The multilayer wall system effectively limits heat loss and moderates temperature variations, with insulation identified as critical for maintaining thermal stability. Overall, the study highlights the importance of integrated structural, thermal, solar, and aerodynamic analysis in guiding early-stage design of surface-based Mars habitats under realistic environmental conditions.